天津市地震应急避难场所试点建设   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杨爽  张楠  赵士达  姚会琴  赵颖  邱虎 《防灾减灾学报》2013,(4):79-82

天津市地震应急避难场所试点建设是“天津市地震安全基础工程”分项之一,由天滓市政府投资146万元。应急避难场所的建成给人民群众提供一个应对突发重大灾害性事件的临时安置场所。并且能在灾害发生后一段时期内,躲避由灾害带来的直接或间接伤害,使人民群众的基本生活得到保障。本文从建设内容、建设原则、主要功能与服务、主要成果与效益、问题与建议五个方面对试点建设情况进行了介绍与分析。  相似文献   

城市应急保障辅助决策系统的实现     

宋留勇  公茂玉  吴超辉 《测绘科学》2013,38(4):190-192,202

城市应急保障决策系统为提升救援部门对紧急事件反应能力、信息处理能力提供强大保障和决策评估支持。在实际应急行动中,基于GIS的应急系统不但可以为指挥人员提供城市基本地理信息、专题信息,还可以针对不同任务提供空间分析、决策分析模块,并很好实现信息图表、三维等多种形式的表达。文中就构建此系统的关键技术和分析模型的实现进行了论述,并开发了应用系统对此进行了验证。  相似文献   

基于GIS的福州应急避难所空间格局评价   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

林雅萍 《福建地理》2013,(3):89-94

日益凸显的突发性自然灾害对城市应急管理提出了更高的要求,应急避难所是其重要基础设施之一.本研究利用福州市社区尺度的人口统计数据建立高精度的人口密度分布图,根据应急避难所的容纳人数与人口密度图动态缓冲区分析计算其服务能力空间范围,对研究区内21个避难所的空间格局进行评价.结果表明,福州城区避难所建设数量不足,空间分布不均,人口服务辐射能力弱.针对福州城区避难所空间分布现状,分析了主要的影响因素,对福州城区应急避难场所选址提出了进一步优化建议,认为在人口分散区的避难所应该增加数量,适当减小规模;而在人口稠密区则可增加规模适中的避难所建设.  相似文献   

Optimization of mobile radioactivity monitoring networks     

G. B.M. Heuvelink  Z. Jiang  S. De Bruin  C. J.W. Twenhöfel 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(3):365-382

In case of a nuclear accident, decision makers rely on high-resolution and accurate information about the spatial distribution of radioactive contamination surrounding the accident site. However, the static nuclear monitoring networks of many European countries are generally too coarse to provide the desired level of spatial accuracy. In the Netherlands, authorities are considering a strategy in which measurement density is increased during an emergency using complementary mobile measuring devices. This raises the question, where should these mobile devices be placed? This article proposes a geostatistical methodology to optimize the allocation of mobile measurement devices, such that the expected weighted sum of false-positive and false-negative areas (i.e. false classification into safe and unsafe zones) is minimized. Radioactivity concentration is modelled as the sum of a deterministic trend and a zero-mean spatially correlated stochastic residual. The trend is defined as the outcome of a physical atmospheric dispersion model, NPK-PUFF. The residual is characterized by a semivariogram of differences between the outputs of various NPK-PUFF model runs, designed to reflect the effect of uncertainty in NPK-PUFF meteorological inputs (e.g. wind speed, wind direction). Spatial simulated annealing is used to obtain the optimal monitoring design, in which accessibility of sampling sites (e.g. distance to roads) is also considered. Although the methodology is computationally demanding, results are promising and the computational load may be considerably reduced to compute optimal mobile monitoring designs in nearly real time.  相似文献   

The temporal hierarchy of shelters: a hierarchical location model for earthquake-shelter planning     

Zhifen Chen  Xiang Chen  Jin Chen 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(8):1612-1630

The problem of emergency facility location is a critical component in evacuation planning. The emergence of geographic information systems (GIS) has provided a useful operational platform to assist this issue. A previously overlooked facet is the consideration of a hierarchical structure in the placement of emergency shelters. Due to the fact that survivors' needs change over time during post-disaster evacuations, shelters have now been categorized on a temporal scale based on their functions at different evacuation phases. This article proposes a three-level hierarchical location model for optimizing the placement of earthquake shelters by taking into account this temporal variance. The article not only scrutinizes the modeling procedure but also implements the model in a planning area with many real-world details. Based on the optimization results derived from a GIS context, we have found that the quality of the earthquake response procedure is not only dependent on the placement strategy of shelters, but more importantly on the financial constraints imposed on the planning and construction of these shelters. A discussion has been proposed to balance the trade-off between budget planning and evacuation efficiency. As the first attempt to model the hierarchical configuration of emergency shelters with specific focus on evacuees' escalating sheltering demands, this article will be of great significance in helping policy makers consider both the spatial and financial aspects of the strategic placement of emergency shelters.  相似文献   

Microsimulation of Hurricane Evacuation Strategies of Galveston Island     

Xuwei Chen 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(2):160-173

This article investigates the effectiveness of simultaneous and staged evacuation strategies for hurricane evacuations of Galveston Island using agent-based microsimulation techniques. In the simultaneous strategy the entire population is informed to evacuate simultaneously, whereas in a staged evacuation strategy, people are informed to evacuate in a sequence. The results suggest that (1) the most efficient staged evacuation strategy can help reduce the evacuation time for Galveston Island by approximately one hour, (2) previous studies might have underestimated the evacuation time of Galveston, and (3) an evacuation under the rapid response assumption does not necessarily lead to an effective evacuation.  相似文献   

2013年7月22日甘肃岷县漳县MS6.6地震灾害特点分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李志强  姜立新  李亦纲  余世舟  卢宁  李锰  袁志祥  苏永齐 《地震地质》2013,35(3)

2013年7月22日在甘肃省定西市岷县-漳县交界地区(34.5°N,104.2°E)发生MS6.6地震,造成95人死亡,中国地震局启动地震应急Ⅱ级响应.根据现场调查,这次地震最高烈度为Ⅷ度.震区建筑90％以上为土木结构和木结构,且多为老旧房屋,抗震性能差.加之震前灾区持续降雨,造成房屋地基和生土墙体支撑强度降低.与其他地震区相比,相同烈度下土木结构和木结构破坏比例偏大,砖结构和砖混结构破坏明显偏轻.降雨加上巨厚的黄土沉积,导致地震滑坡比较严重.由于这些原因,Ⅷ度区范围偏大,Ⅵ区也相对较大.甘肃定西是中国经济欠发达地区之一,土木结构和抗震性能较差的木结构房屋比例过大.震后重建中,建议以砖木结构和砖混结构为主重建灾区.  相似文献   

2013年四川省芦山“4.20”7.0级强烈地震触发滑坡   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  

许冲  徐锡伟  郑文俊  魏占玉  谭锡斌  韩竹军  李传友  梁明剑  李志强 《地震地质》2013,35(3)

2013年4月20日,四川省芦山县发生了MS7.0地震.文中简要介绍了芦山地震的基本情况与芦山地震区历史地震及其相关地震滑坡情况.依据2008年汶川地震滑坡与地震动峰值加速度(PGA)的空间关系,对芦山地震滑坡大体分布范围进行了推测.根据地震滑坡分类学,将芦山地震滑坡分为破坏型滑坡、连贯型滑坡、流滑型滑坡3大类.其中,破坏型滑坡包括岩质崩塌、岩质滑动、岩质崩滑、土质崩塌、土质滑动等5类;连贯型滑坡包括土质坍塌与慢土流2类;流滑型滑坡为快速流滑.破坏型滑坡如岩质崩塌、岩石滑动、土质崩塌这3类是芦山地震滑坡中最常见的类型.基于震后可利用的高分辨率航片,初步解译得到3 883处滑坡位置点数据.最后,从余震对滑坡的影响,芦山地震滑坡与邻区地震滑坡对比分析,对后续基于高分辨率遥感影像的滑坡精细解译的启示等3个方面开展了分析与讨论.  相似文献   

余震信息在岷县漳县6.6级地震震后应急救援重灾区快速判定时作用探讨          下载免费PDF全文

张苏平  孙艳萍  陈文凯 《地震工程学报》2013,35(3):465-470

利用震后可以快速获取的余震信息,迅快速判定出地震重灾区的范围,为震后快速应急救援提供决策服务是十分重要的。本文利用甘肃岷县漳县6.6级地震后12小时余震分布,以1小时为单位,分时段绘制余震空间分布图,结合居民点的空间分布、发震断层走向和地形地貌条件,与实际考察得到的烈度图进行比较,初步得出以下认识:震后3小时左右余震分布集中的区域可能是破坏最严重的地区;沿余震展布方向需要考虑震区地形地貌和降雨等次生灾害因素所引起的破坏;由余震分布范围来确定重灾区时,长轴方向需要参考发震断层的走向进行调整;依据震区居民点分布密度调整重灾区位置;考虑各种致灾因素的影响,综合判定重灾区的范围。  相似文献   

Advanced methods of cell phone localization for crisis and emergency management applications     

《International Journal of Digital Earth》2013,6(4):259-272

Real-time people localization cannot be achieved through statistical methods during crisis/emergency management events. An International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) catcher was proposed as a nontraditional method for cell phone-based people localization. We verified the idea of using a cell phone as a sensor and tested the possibility of transmitting cell phone data through the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Sensor Web Enablement. Four large field tests were performed and are described in detail. The main conclusions for IMSI catcher deployment were search within a limited radius from its placement and the number of localized people was not a limiting aspect; although the technology for advanced cell phone-based localization is available for crisis/emergency management applications, we do not yet have sufficient ability to handle this technology.  相似文献